{"id":1639,"date":"2025-09-27T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-27T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/vitamed.test\/community-acquired-pneumonia-cap\/"},"modified":"2026-09-19T13:57:42","modified_gmt":"2026-09-19T09:57:42","slug":"community-acquired-pneumonia-cap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vitamed.production.am\/en\/community-acquired-pneumonia-cap\/","title":{"rendered":"COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA (CAP)"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

\"COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED<\/figure>\n

<\/p>\n

Community-acquired pneumonia <\/strong>is an acute infectious disease of the lower respiratory tract that develops outside the hospital setting or within the first 48 hours of hospital admission and affects the lung parenchyma.<\/p>\n

Etiology<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Pneumonia is primarily caused by:<\/p>\n

1\u2024 Bacterial infections, which can be:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Typical pathogens: <\/strong>Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common), Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis
    \n\tAtypical pathogens: <\/strong>Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella spp. and others<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    2\u2024 Viral infections: Rhinovirus, Adenovirus, Influenza A and B, Coronavirus, and others<\/strong><\/p>\n

    3\u2024 In many cases, the causative pathogen is not identified.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Diagnosis<\/h2>\n

    Symptoms:<\/strong>
    \nFever, cough (productive or dry), dyspnea, chest pain, general weakness, tachypnea (>24 breaths\/min), tachycardia (>100 bpm)<\/p>\n

    Auscultation findings in the lungs:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Decreased breath sounds, moist rales, crepitus, dullness to percussion.<\/p>\n

    Laboratory and instrumental investigations:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Complete blood count: leukocytosis with a left shift<\/li>\n
    • C-reactive protein<\/li>\n
    • In selected cases — procalcitonin<\/li>\n
    • Sputum culture<\/li>\n
    • Chest X-ray (in two projections)<\/li>\n
    • Chest CT scan if necessary<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Severity Assessment: CURB-65 Score<\/h3>\n
        \n
      • \n

        C – Confusion (altered mental status)<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n

        U – Urea >7 mmol\/L<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n

        R – Respiratory rate >30\/min<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n

        B – Blood pressure: systolic <90 mmHg or diastolic <60 mmHg<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n

        Age >65 years<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Interpretation:<\/h3>\n
          \n
        • \n

          0–1 points: mild pneumonia, outpatient treatment<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
        • \n

          2 points: consider hospitalization<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
        • \n

          ≥3 points: severe pneumonia, requires hospitalization, possibly ICU admission<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Treatment<\/h2>\n
            \n
          • \n

            Adequate fluid intake, nutrition rich in protein and micronutrients<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            Moderate limitation of physical activity<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            Smoking cessation<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            Antipyretics and analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            Empirical antibiotic therapy, chosen based on risk factors, comorbidities, individual characteristics (e.g., allergies), and clinical context<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            Antiviral therapy in case of viral etiology<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Differential Diagnosis<\/h2>\n
              \n
            • Tuberculosis<\/li>\n
            • Lung tumors<\/li>\n
            • Pulmonary infarction<\/li>\n
            • Pulmonary embolism<\/li>\n
            • Bronchial asthma<\/li>\n
            • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<\/li>\n
            • Pneumonitis and others<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Community-acquired pneumonia is an acute infectious disease of the lower respiratory tract that develops outside the hospital setting or within the first 48 hours of hospital admission and affects the lung parenchyma.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1634,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[173,171],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1639","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-en","category-blog"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vitamed.production.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1639","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vitamed.production.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vitamed.production.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vitamed.production.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vitamed.production.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1639"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vitamed.production.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1639\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6542,"href":"https:\/\/vitamed.production.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1639\/revisions\/6542"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vitamed.production.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1634"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vitamed.production.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1639"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vitamed.production.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1639"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vitamed.production.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1639"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}