What is Ulcerative Colitis?
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the mucous membrane of the large intestine, primarily affecting the rectum and the descending colon. It belongs to the group of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
Causes and Risk Factors
- Autoimmune mechanisms
- Genetic predisposition
- Stress, poor dietary habits
- Use of certain medications
Types and Classification
- Ulcerative proctitis (involvement limited to the rectum)
- Left-sided colitis
- Extensive or total colitis (pancolitis)
- Fulminant colitis (severe form)
Main Symptoms
- Bloody diarrhea
- Abdominal pain (typically in the left lower quadrant)
- Frequent nausea, general weakness
- Fever during flare-ups
- Weight loss and anemia
Diagnosis
- Colonoscopy
- Biopsy of the intestinal mucosa (for confirmation)
- Fecal calprotectin test, C-reactive protein (CRP)
- Complete blood count (CBC) to detect anemia and signs of inflammation
Modern Treatment Options
- Mesalazine (5-ASA) — first-line maintenance therapy during remission
- Glucocorticoids — used during exacerbations
- Immunomodulators — azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine
- Biologic therapy — anti-TNF agents (infliximab, adalimumab)
- Surgical treatment (colectomy) — for severe or refractory cases
Possible Complications and Prevention
- Intestinal bleeding
- Toxic megacolon
- Intestinal strictures and increased risk of colorectal cancer
Prevention: regular follow-up with a physician, long-term maintenance therapy, dietary monitoring during remission.
When to See a Doctor
- If you experience bloody diarrhea
- If you have persistent abdominal pain
- If there is rapid weight loss or signs of anemia